Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-88)

The DSQ-88 assesses conscious representations of defensive organization along a developmental hierarchy — mature defenses (sublimation, humor, anticipation), neurotic defenses (undoing, idealization, reaction formation), and immature defenses (projection, passive aggression, acting out, denial, splitting).

Based on Bond's defense mechanism research and Vaillant's hierarchical model of ego defenses.

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