Freud's revised theory (1926) recast anxiety as a signal function — a small, anticipatory dose of unpleasure to alert the psychic apparatus to approaching danger. Depression, in the classical formulation, represents aggression turned inward through identification with a lost object.
Seligman's learned helplessness model and Beck's cognitive triad converge with these formulations — both describe an active process directed against the self that produces the characteristic phenomenology of depressive experience.
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