ImplicitifyAI

Research References

Peer-reviewed empirical studies across assessment paradigms. The research foundation underlying the ImplicitifyAI assessment platform.

Autobiographical Memory & AMT

  • Williams, J. M. G., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(2), 144–149.
  • Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hermans, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 122–148.
  • Raes, F., Hermans, D., Williams, J. M. G., Demyttenaere, K., Sabbe, B., Pieters, G., & Eelen, P. (2005). Reduced specificity of autobiographical memories: A mediator between rumination and ineffective social problem-solving in minor depression? Journal of Affective Disorders, 87(2–3), 331–335.

Core Reference Relational Method (CCRT)

  • Luborsky, L. (1977). Measuring a pervasive psychic structure in psychotherapy: The core conflictual relationship theme. In N. Freedman & S. Grand (Eds.), Communicative structures and psychic structures (pp. 367–395). Plenum.
  • Luborsky, L., & Crits-Christoph, P. (1998). Understanding transference: The core conflictual relationship theme method (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association.
  • Crits-Christoph, P., & Luborsky, L. (1990). Changes in CCRT pervasiveness during psychotherapy. In L. Luborsky & P. Crits-Christoph (Eds.), Understanding transference (pp. 133–146). Basic Books.

Defense Mechanisms & DSQ

  • Andrews, G., Singh, M., & Bond, M. (1993). The Defense Style Questionnaire. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(4), 246–256.
  • Bond, M. (1986). Defense Style Questionnaire. In G. Vaillant (Ed.), Empirical studies of ego mechanisms of defense (pp. 146–152). American Psychiatric Press.
  • Vaillant, G. E. (1992). Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers. American Psychiatric Press.
  • Cramer, P. (2006). Protecting the self: Defense mechanisms in action. Guilford Press.

Ego Development & SCT

  • Loevinger, J. (1976). Ego development. Jossey-Bass.
  • Hy, L. X., & Loevinger, J. (1996). Measuring ego development (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Westenberg, P. M., & Gjerde, P. F. (1999). Ego development during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood: A 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(2), 233–252.

ECR & Adult Attachment

  • Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). Guilford Press.
  • Wei, M., Russell, D. W., Mallinckrodt, B., & Vogel, D. L. (2007). The Experiences in Close Relationship Scale (ECR)–Short Form: Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 187–204.

Interpersonal Circumplex & IPC-32

  • Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. Ronald Press.
  • Wiggins, J. S. (1979). A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 395–412.
  • Alden, L. E., Wiggins, J. S., & Pincus, A. L. (1990). Construction of circumplex scales for the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Journal of Personality Assessment, 55(3–4), 521–536.

IPDE & Personality Disorder Diagnosis

  • Loranger, A. W., Sartorius, N., Andreoli, A., Berger, P., Buchheim, P., Channabasavanna, S. M., … & Ferguson, B. (1994). The International Personality Disorder Examination. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51(3), 215–224.
  • Loranger, A. W. (1999). International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) DSM-IV and ICD-10 modules. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Lexical Decision & Semantic Memory

  • Meyer, D. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1971). Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90(2), 227–234.
  • Neely, J. H. (1977). Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 106(3), 226–254.

FFM, Personality Disorders & HiTOP

  • Krueger, R. F., Kotov, R., Watson, D., Forbes, M. K., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., … & Zimmermann, J. (2018). Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 282–293.
  • Samuel, D. B., & Widiger, T. A. (2008). A meta-analytic review of the relationships between the five-factor model and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(8), 1326–1342.
  • Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., … & Zimmermann, J. (2017). The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477.

Picture Story Exercise & Implicit Motives

  • McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96(4), 690–702.
  • Schultheiss, O. C., & Brunstein, J. C. (2001). Assessment of implicit motives with a research version of the TAT: Picture profiles, gender differences, and relations to other personality measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77(1), 71–86.
  • Smith, C. P. (Ed.). (1992). Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis. Cambridge University Press.