Sixteen Primary-Factor Scales
Public-domain IPIP markers for sixteen primary personality factors. 16 scales, 163 items.
At a glance
Detailed write-up pending
A full, citation-backed scientific write-up for this scale — overview, clinical use, and psychometrics in the voice of a dissertation "Measures" section — has not yet been authored. To honor the platform's no-fabricated-sources rule, this page currently shows only the verified registry facts above (item count, structure, scoring, and any published norms). No validity coefficients, reliability figures, or citations are shown here that cannot be traced to a named source; the authored write-up will be added once its sources have been read and recorded in the plan-integrity file.
Subscales
Liveliness 10 items
Apprehension 10 items
Tension 10 items
Emotional Stability 10 items
Perfectionism 10 items
Privateness 10 items
Dominance 10 items
Openness to Change 10 items
Warmth 10 items
Social Boldness 10 items
Vigilance 10 items
Rule Consciousness 10 items
Self-Reliance 10 items
Reasoning 13 items
Sensitivity 10 items
Abstractedness 10 items
Example item
“Act wild and crazy.”
Illustrative only. During administration items are presented one screen-set at a time; response-key direction is never shown to respondents.
Scoring & interpretation
Item responses are summed within each scale (reverse-keyed items recoded first) and expressed as a population percentile against the cited reference sample, with a reliability-based confidence range where α is published.
Psychometrics & norms
| Scale | M | SD | N | α | Metric |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liveliness | 28.25 | 6.61 | 570 | 0.78 | summed raw |
| Apprehension | 28.40 | 6.92 | 570 | 0.81 | summed raw |
| Tension | 25.95 | 5.96 | 570 | 0.77 | summed raw |
| Emotional Stability | 38.05 | 6.94 | 570 | 0.85 | summed raw |
| Perfectionism | 35.83 | 6.71 | 570 | 0.81 | summed raw |
| Privateness | 27.72 | 7.71 | 600 | 0.86 | summed raw |
| Dominance | 35.32 | 6.19 | 795 | 0.81 | summed raw |
| Openness to Change | 36.91 | 6.62 | 570 | 0.82 | summed raw |
| Warmth | 38.00 | 5.61 | 570 | 0.80 | summed raw |
| Social Boldness | 33.15 | 7.67 | 600 | 0.87 | summed raw |
| Vigilance | 24.06 | 5.94 | 570 | 0.80 | summed raw |
| Self-Reliance | 34.48 | 5.34 | 570 | 0.73 | summed raw |
| Reasoning | 49.02 | 6.53 | 570 | 0.75 | summed raw |
| Sensitivity | 37.67 | 5.77 | 570 | 0.68 | summed raw |
| Abstractedness | 29.08 | 6.76 | 570 | 0.80 | summed raw |
Norms computed from the Eugene-Springfield Community Sample (ESCS) — Lewis R. Goldberg’s adult community panel from Eugene and Springfield, Oregon (Harvard Dataverse, doi:10.7910/DVN/UF52WY). This is a community sample and is NOT nationally representative. The mean, standard deviation, reference N and Cronbach’s α were computed directly from the raw IPIP item-level responses on THIS scale’s exact item set and reverse-keying (complete cases); reference N varies by scale and is shown with each scale below. The confidence range uses the standard error of measurement (SEM = SD·√(1−α)) from that computed α.
Source & citation
Public-domain items from the International Personality Item Pool (Goldberg, L. R., 1999; ipip.ori.org). Scale membership and reverse-keying taken verbatim from Goldberg's IPIP multi-scale map (ScalesFor967items). Construct names from ipip.ori.org.