Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5)—Adult
A 220-item self-report measure of maladaptive personality traits aligned with the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders. Each item is rated 0–3 for how well it describes the respondent. Items score 25 lower-order trait facets; specified triplets of facets aggregate into the five broad higher-order domains of Negative Affect, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. The PID-5 is dimensional: higher scores indicate greater trait elevation. It has no diagnostic cutoff and yields trait profiles, not diagnoses.
This is a clinical instrument. It is not publicly self-administered — a clinician assigns it through a secure patient link.
At a glance
What it measures
The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (Krueger, Derringer, Markon, Watson, & Skodol, 2012) is the 220-item adult self-report operationalizing the maladaptive-trait model of the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders. Each item is rated 0–3 for how well it describes the respondent, and items aggregate into twenty-five trait facets that in turn combine into the model's five broad domains.
Scoring and interpretation
Scoring follows the American Psychiatric Association's PID-5 Adult key: sixteen designated items are reverse-coded, each facet is the sum of its items, and each domain aggregates its three contributing facets. The instrument is dimensional — higher scores mean greater elevation — and has no diagnostic cutoff, so results are read as a trait profile under clinical judgment. The APA permits reproduction without permission by researchers and by clinicians for use with their patients.
Subscales
Emotional Lability 7 items
Anxiousness 9 items
Separation Insecurity 7 items
Withdrawal 10 items
Anhedonia 8 items
Intimacy Avoidance 6 items
Manipulativeness 5 items
Deceitfulness 10 items
Grandiosity 6 items
Irresponsibility 7 items
Impulsivity 6 items
Distractibility 9 items
Unusual Beliefs & Experiences 8 items
Eccentricity 13 items
Perceptual Dysregulation 12 items
Attention Seeking 8 items
Callousness 14 items
Depressivity 14 items
Hostility 10 items
Perseveration 9 items
Restricted Affectivity 7 items
Rigid Perfectionism 10 items
Risk Taking 14 items
Submissiveness 4 items
Suspiciousness 7 items
Example item
“I don’t get as much pleasure out of things as others seem to.”
Illustrative only. During administration items are presented one screen-set at a time; response-key direction is never shown to respondents.
Scoring & interpretation
Item responses are summed within each scale (reverse-keyed items recoded first) and expressed as a population percentile against the cited reference sample, with a reliability-based confidence range where α is published.
Psychometrics & norms
| Scale | M | SD | N | α | Metric |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emotional Lability | 0.94 | 0.74 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Anxiousness | 1.02 | 0.73 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Separation Insecurity | 0.80 | 0.68 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Withdrawal | 1.01 | 0.72 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Anhedonia | 0.89 | 0.64 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Intimacy Avoidance | 0.61 | 0.65 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Manipulativeness | 0.80 | 0.67 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Deceitfulness | 0.52 | 0.54 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Grandiosity | 0.82 | 0.58 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Irresponsibility | 0.39 | 0.49 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Impulsivity | 0.77 | 0.57 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Distractibility | 0.86 | 0.69 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Unusual Beliefs & Experiences | 0.64 | 0.63 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Eccentricity | 0.82 | 0.76 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Perceptual Dysregulation | 0.44 | 0.48 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Attention Seeking | 0.81 | 0.65 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Callousness | 0.40 | 0.50 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Depressivity | 0.53 | 0.62 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Hostility | 0.91 | 0.67 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Perseveration | 0.82 | 0.62 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Restricted Affectivity | 0.97 | 0.56 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Rigid Perfectionism | 1.05 | 0.68 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Risk Taking | 1.05 | 0.51 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Submissiveness | 1.17 | 0.66 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
| Suspiciousness | 0.95 | 0.58 | 264 | — | per-item mean |
Miller, J. D., Bagby, R. M., Hopwood, C. J., Simms, L. J., & Lynam, D. R. (2022). Normative data for the PID-5. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment (open access, PMC10052968), Table 1 — U.S. normative representative sample (N = 264; data from Krueger et al., 2012), verbatim 220-item PID-5 (0–3 response scale). Reference values are per-item facet means (M / SD shown with each facet). The source reports no facet-level reliability for this sample, so no confidence range is shown. Domain aggregates are not norm-referenced (the published domain score is a mean of facet means, a different metric from the item-level aggregate reported here).
Source & citation
Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1879–1890.
Scoring. Scoring follows the American Psychiatric Association PID-5 Adult scoring key: the items 7, 30, 35, 58, 87, 90, 96, 97, 98, 131, 142, 155, 164, 177, 210, and 215 are reverse-coded (3→0, 2→1, 1→2, 0→3), each facet score is the sum of its items, and each domain aggregates its three contributing facets. The instrument is dimensional — higher scores indicate greater elevation — and has no diagnostic cutoff.
Copyright ©2013 American Psychiatric Association. All Rights Reserved. This material can be reproduced without permission by researchers and by clinicians for use with their patients.
References
- Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., & Skodol, A. E. (2012). Initial construction of a maladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42, 1879–1890.